On October 24th, 2025, the George Washington University Law School hosted a conference titled The Law of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Safety in the Midst of World Challenges. In a keynote address, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director-General Rafael Mariano Grossi underscored the importance of nuclear energy in addressing climate change. and the impact of current geopolitical challenges on nuclear safety and security. His speech highlighted global issues such as non-proliferation and the ongoing need for a collaborative global approach to managing nuclear technology.
Opening Remarks: The Mission of GW Law in Nuclear Law
Dayna Matthew, Dean of GW Law School, opened the keynote session by emphasizing the school’s commitment to discussing pressing issues such as the intersection of national security and nuclear law. Matthews stated, “GW Law’s unique strength lies in our presence in the nation’s capital and our dedication to advancing critical conversations.” She also noted the program’s long history with nuclear studies, tracing back to its first atomic energy law offering in the 1954-55 academic year, and as one of the few law schools in the United States still offering nuclear law as a specialized course.
Director-General Grossi: A Veteran Voice in Nuclear Nonproliferation
With over 40 years in the field, Rafael Mariano Grossi has served as IAEA Director-General since 2019, securing a second four-year term in 2023 that extends his leadership until 2027. His experience includes roles such as President of the 2020 Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference and Ambassador of Argentina to Austria. Grossi emphasized the need for international unity in nuclear policy, given the resurgence of nuclear threats globally. He explained, “When nuclear issues surface in international conflicts, from the Middle East, Ukraine, or North Korea, the stakes are high, and the risks are real.”
Grossi highlighted the evolving nuclear landscape in politically unstable regions, focusing on recent developments in Iran’s nuclear program. Rising tensions there have sparked concerns over a potential withdrawal from the NPT. While these signals have so far remained at the level of public statements, Grossi warned of a possible shift toward nuclear proliferation in the region. “Whatever direction the U.S. elections take, there must be an effective strategy to avoid a nuclear crisis in the Middle East,” he said, emphasizing the need for sustained diplomatic efforts.
Turning to the Korean Peninsula, Grossi addressed the prolonged cycle of negotiations with North Korea, which has left the international community facing a nuclear-armed DPRK. “The situation in North Korea shows how quickly the landscape can shift when lines are crossed, underscoring the importance of rigorous oversight and policy foresight,” he stated, emphasizing the need for vigilant, proactive policy in the face of unpredictable nuclear threats.
A significant portion of Grossi’s address centered on the IAEA’s unprecedented involvement in Ukraine, where the ongoing conflict has placed critical nuclear infrastructure in peril. Russian forces currently occupy a large nuclear facility with six reactors in Ukraine, and Grossi has made multiple visits to monitor the situation closely. “Both sides in the conflict initially resisted IAEA intervention, but our mandate to ensure nuclear safety prevailed,” he said, highlighting that the agency has implemented seven pillars of nuclear safety to manage this unprecedented situation.
While nuclear nonproliferation and safety were central themes, Grossi also spoke about nuclear energy’s potential role in the fight against climate change. In the face of the global energy crisis, he noted a renewed interest in nuclear energy as an alternative to fossil fuels. “We are seeing a shift, particularly in Europe and Asia, as nations seek to diversify their energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Nuclear energy is increasingly being considered a viable solution,” Grossi said. He referenced recent developments in Poland, where the U.S. has assisted in establishing nuclear infrastructure. This marks a significant milestone for a country with no prior nuclear capabilities.
Grossi addressed emerging nuclear security threats, especially those posed by cyberattacks. Since 9/11, nuclear security has expanded from physical to digital defenses. The IAEA now provides training and resources to equip countries with cybersecurity measures, bolstered by U.S. support. "Nuclear security has grown to encompass real cyber threats, and we have adapted accordingly," he explained, underscoring that in less-resourced countries, the lack of cybersecurity remains a critical vulnerability.
In response to audience questions, Grossi emphasized the IAEA’s need for continued funding to tackle expanding responsibilities, especially as more countries pursue nuclear energy. "Our resources are finite, but our mission is essential," he asserted. Despite the challenges, Grossi expressed confidence in the agency's capacity to adapt and continue its vital work in the face of geopolitical uncertainties.
Navigating Global Challenges: Grossi’s Insights and Audience
During the Q&A portion, Grossi addressed questions on emerging threats and technological advancements impacting nuclear security. Responding to a question on cybersecurity, he emphasized the IAEA's progress in developing robust cyber defenses, noting that while physical protections like “guns and fences” were once sufficient, the digital era demands advanced measures. He pointed to the establishment of a specialized Nuclear Security Training and Demonstration Center, supported significantly by the United States, as a major step toward preparing professionals to combat cyber threats.
Grossi also fielded questions on the proliferation of smaller, portable reactors, including those used in military contexts. He acknowledged the increased potential for such reactors to be targeted in conflicts, underscoring the importance of international agreements to safeguard these installations. While he admitted that smaller naval reactors present unique challenges, he reassured the audience that current designs prioritize containment to minimize radioactive risks.
In closing, Grossi addressed the threat of nuclear terrorism, emphasizing that existing international frameworks provide a strong deterrent against nuclear materials falling into the hands of non-state actors. He affirmed that any country violating these norms would prompt swift, unified action from the international community.
Grossi’s keynote highlighted the urgent need for cooperation and proactive measures to meet the evolving challenges in the nuclear landscape. Amid rising geopolitical tensions and advancing technology, he underscored the IAEA’s commitment to promoting nuclear safety, enforcing nonproliferation standards, and advancing peaceful nuclear energy. His address served as a powerful reminder that safeguarding global security in the nuclear age depends on a shared dedication to maintaining nuclear stability worldwide.